镜片为何需要镀AR(增透)膜
本公司(苏州利楠光学科技有限公)专业生产和研发各种Cover Glass(化学强化、印刷玻璃，可镀AR，AF防水膜等膜系、可贴合各种材料的背胶)。各种光学&浮法玻璃、各种晶体材料、石英材料的抛光片。各种镀膜反射型滤光片(有D263等玻璃基材，也有水晶基材的OLPF等)、各种多层胶合滤光片(如多层胶合OLPF光学低通滤波器)等、吸收型（有色玻璃）滤光片、带通滤光片、长波通滤光片等各种类型滤光片。各种材料的窗口片、各种防护片&防尘片、中灰性镜片（ND镜)。
Our company specializes in producing and developing various Cover Glasses (chemically strengthened, printed glass, AR and AF waterproof coatings, etc., with back adhesive suitable for various materials). We also produce polished plates from various types of glass, crystal materials, and quartz materials. Our product range includes various reflective filter films (such as D263 glass substrates and crystal-based OLPF), multi-layer bonded filter films (like multi-layer bonded OLPF optical low-pass filters), absorptive (colored glass) filters, bandpass filters, longpass filters, and other types of filters. Additionally, we offer window films, protective films & dust-proof films, and neutral density (ND) lenses made from various materials.
一、原理 （Principle）
为什么镜头和镜片上需要镀AR膜？这是因为任何物体对光线都有反射作用，连无色透明的玻璃也不例外，差别在于光线的角度是否会形成反射效果。对于理想状态下的镜片而言，光线能够完全透过镜头并且实现目标效果。然而，事实上却是，每一种镜片都受到自身物理因素的限制，导致像差的产生，所以，由众多有“问题”的镜片所结合而成的镜头是不可能让理论上所有各种角度的光线完全穿过。以光学玻璃为例子，其透光率可达到 90%左右，剩下的 10% 左右的光则会反射出去，形成炫光。为了弥补这项缺失，后来的镜片研究者开发了在镜片表面镀上一层或多层膜来增加透光效果。
Why do lenses and lenses need to be coated with AR film? This is because any object has a reflection effect on light, even colorless and transparent glass is no exception, the difference lies in whether the angle of light will form a reflection effect. For an ideal lens, light can fully pass through the lens and achieve the desired effect. However, in fact, each type of lens is limited by its own physical factors, leading to the generation of aberrations. Therefore, a lens composed of numerous "problematic" lenses cannot theoretically allow all kinds of angles of light to pass through completely. Taking optical glass as an example, its transmittance can reach about 90%, and the remaining 10% of light will be reflected, forming glare. To compensate for this deficiency, later lens researchers developed coating the surface of the lens with one or more layers of film to increase transparency.
二、镀AR膜有什么好处（What are the benefits of AR coating）：
1.镜面反射（specular reflection）:
光线通过镜片的前后表面时，不但会产生折射，还会产生反射。这种在镜片前表面产生的反射光会使别人看戴镜者眼睛时，看到的却是镜片表面一片白光。拍照时，这种反光还会严重影响戴镜者的美观。
When light passes through the front and rear surfaces of a lens, it not only refracts but also reflects. The reflected light generated on the front surface of the lens will make others see a white light on the surface of the lens when they look at the wearer's eyes. When taking photos, this kind of reflection can seriously affect the beauty of the wearer.
2."鬼影"（phantom）:
眼镜光学理论认为眼镜片屈光力会使所视物体在戴镜者的远点形成一个清晰的像，也可以解释为所视物的光线通过镜片发生偏折并聚焦于视网膜上，形成像点。但是由于屈光镜片的前后表面的曲率不同，并且存在一定量的反射光，它们之间会产生内反射光。内反射光会在远点球面附近产生虚像，也就是在视网膜的像点附近产生虚像点。这些虚像点会影响视物的清晰度和舒适性。
The theory of eyeglass optics holds that the refractive power of eyeglass lenses causes the object being viewed to form a clear image at the wearer's far point, which can also be explained as the light of the object being viewed being refracted through the lens and focused onto the retina, forming an image point. However, due to the different curvatures of the front and rear surfaces of refractive lenses and the presence of a certain amount of reflected light, internal reflection light will be generated between them. Internal reflection light will generate virtual images near the far spherical surface, which means virtual image points will be generated near the image points of the retina. These virtual image points can affect the clarity and comfort of the visual object.
3.眩光 （Glare）：
像所有光学系统一样，眼睛并不完美，在视网膜上所成的像不是一个点，而是一个模糊圈。因此，二个相邻点的感觉是由二个并列的或多或少重叠的模糊圈产生的。只要二点之间的距离足够大，在视网膜上的成像就会产生二点的感觉，但是如果二点太接近，那么二个模糊圈会趋向与重合，被误认为是一个点。
我们来模拟这样一个场景产：夜晚，一位戴眼镜的驾车者清晰地看见对面远处有二辆自行车正冲着他的车骑过来。此时，尾随其后的汽车的前灯在驾车者镜片后表面上产生反射：该反射光在视网膜上形成的像增加了二个被观察点的强度（自行车车灯）。对比减小的结果会令驾驶员最初产生的存在二个骑车人的感觉重合成为单一的像，就好比区分它们的角度被突然减小！
Like all optical systems, the eye is not perfect, and the image formed on the retina is not a point, but a blurry circle. Therefore, the feeling of two adjacent points is generated by two parallel fuzzy circles that are more or less overlapping. As long as the distance between two points is large enough, the imaging on the retina will produce a feeling of two points. However, if the two points are too close, the two blurred circles will tend to overlap and be mistaken for one point.
Let's simulate a scene like this: at night, a driver wearing glasses can clearly see two bicycles riding towards his bike in the distance across from him. At this point, the headlights of the car following behind generate reflections on the surface behind the driver's lens: the reflected light forms an image on the retina that increases the intensity of two observed points (bicycle headlights). The result of reducing the contrast will cause the initial feeling of the presence of two cyclists to overlap into a single image for the driver, just like the angle that distinguishes them being suddenly reduced!
三、镀AR膜技术(AR coating technology) :
有机镜片镀膜的难度要比玻璃镜片高。玻璃材料能够承受300 °C以上的高温，而有机镜片在超过100 °C时便会发黄，随后很快分解。 可以用于玻璃镜片的减反射膜材料通常采用氟化镁（MgF2），但由于氟化镁的镀膜工艺必须在高于200°C的环境下进行，否则不能附着于镜片的表面，所以有机镜片并不采用它。
20世纪90年代以后，随着真空镀膜技术的发展，利用离子束轰击技术，使得膜层与镜片的结合，膜层间的结合得到了改良。而且提炼出的像氧化钛，氧化锆等高纯度金属氧化物材料可以通过蒸发工艺镀于树脂镜片的表面，达到良好的减反射效果。
The difficulty of coating organic lenses is higher than that of glass lenses. Glass materials can withstand high temperatures above 300 ° C, while organic lenses will turn yellow when they exceed 100 ° C and then quickly decompose. The anti reflective film material that can be used for glass lenses usually uses magnesium fluoride (MgF2), but because the coating process of magnesium fluoride must be carried out in an environment above 200 ° C, it cannot adhere to the surface of the lens, so organic lenses do not use it.
After the 1990s, with the development of vacuum coating technology, the use of ion beam bombardment technology improved the bonding between film layers and lenses, as well as the bonding between film layers. And the extracted high-purity metal oxide materials such as titanium oxide and zirconium oxide can be deposited on the surface of resin lenses through evaporation process, achieving good anti reflection effect.
四、镀膜前对基片的要求(Requirements for substrate before coating):
镜片在接受镀膜前必须进行预清洗，这种清洗要求很高，达到分子级。在清洗槽中分别放置各种清洗液，并采用超声波加强清洗效果，当镜片清洗完后，放进真空舱内，在此过程中要特别注意避免空气中的灰尘和垃圾再黏附在镜片表面。最后的清洗是在真空舱内镀前进行的，放置在真空舱内的离子枪将轰击镜片的表面，完成此道清洗工序后即进行减反射膜的镀膜。
Before receiving coating, the lens must be pre cleaned, which requires a high level of cleaning at the molecular level. Place various cleaning solutions in the cleaning tank and use ultrasonic waves to enhance the cleaning effect. After the lens is cleaned, place it in the vacuum chamber. During this process, special attention should be paid to avoiding dust and garbage in the air from adhering to the surface of the lens. The final cleaning is carried out before plating in the vacuum chamber. The ion gun placed in the vacuum chamber will bombard the surface of the lens. After completing this cleaning process, the anti reflection film coating is applied.
五、膜层牢固度(Membrane firmness):
对眼镜片而言，膜层的牢固性是至关重要的，是镜片重要的质量指标。镜片的质量指标包括镜片抗磨损、抗温差等。因此现在有了许多针对性的物理化学测试方法，在模拟戴镜者的使用条件下，对镀膜镜片进行膜层牢度质量的测试。这些测试方法包括：盐水试验、蒸汽试验、去离子水试验、钢丝绒磨擦试验、溶解试验、黏着试验、温差试验和潮湿度试验等
For eyeglass lenses, the firmness of the film layer is crucial and an important quality indicator of the lens. The quality indicators of lenses include wear resistance, temperature difference resistance, etc. Therefore, there are now many targeted physical and chemical testing methods to test the film fastness quality of coated lenses under simulated conditions for wearers. These testing methods include: saltwater test, steam test, deionized water test, steel wool friction test, dissolution test, adhesion test, temperature difference test, and humidity test, etc
六、镜片镀膜前后的光谱对比（可见光400~700nm为例）:
Spectral comparison before and after lens coating (visible light 400~700nm as an example)
抛光白片（未镀膜）曲线(Polishing white film (uncoated) curve:)：
双面单层氟化镁膜透过率曲线(Transmittance curve of double-sided single-layer magnesium fluoride film)：
双面多层AR膜透过率曲线(Transmittance curve of double-sided multi-layer AR Coating)：
